CHAPTER
7 : STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS
Tissues – a group of similar cells which perform same function together.
Types of tissues are – Epithelial tissue, Connective tissues, Muscular tissues and Nervous tissues.
1.Epithelial tissues:
· Covers external surface and lines internal surface
· Three specialized junctions are tight junction, adhering junction and gap junction
· Non cellular basement membrane
· No blood vessels
· Receives nutrients from underlying connective tissues
Classification :
a)Simple epithelial (one layer) –
· Squamous epithelium
· Cuboidal epithelium
· Columnar epithelium
· Pseudo stratified epithelium
b)Compound epithelium (many strata) –
· Stratified compound epithelium (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
· Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
2.Muscular tissues :
· Striated muscle / Striated muscle / Voluntary muscle
· Unstriated muscle / Smooth muscle / Involuntary muscle
· Cardiac muscle (heart)
3.Neural tissue – longest cell – neuron
Structure of neuron: Dentrite – Cyton – Axon with myelinated sheath with node of ranvier – axon ending
Organ and organ system:
Cockroach
Class: insect
Phylum: arthropoda
Morphology:
· 1/4 -3 inches
· nocturnal omnivorous
· body- head, thorax and abdomen
· body is covered with chitinous exoskeleton with hardened plates. Plates are called sclerites (tergites and sternites ) connected by arthrodial membrane.
· Compound eyes. Antennae, bitting and chewing mouth parts.
· Mouth part consists of a labrum ( upper lip ), a pair of mandible, a pair of maxillae and a
· Labium ( lower lip ) and a tongue called hypopharynx.
· Throax consists of three parts- prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax ( each has a pair of legs )
Anatomy :
a)Digestive system. Mouth-oesophagus-crop-gizzard-hepatic caecae- midgut-hind gut- rectum-anus
b)Circulatory system. Open blood vascular system- blood (haemolymph) - Pumped in to space (haemo coel ) blood (plasma + haemocytes ) heart is elongated muscular tube in dorsal line, heart is opening called ostia (blood enters pumped anteroirly.
c)Respiratory system. Tracheary system. (net work of trachea) - External opening called spiracles – trachea – tracheoles – blood.
d)Excretory system. Malphigian tubules - Collect uric acid - Uricotelic – in addition fat bodies, nephrocytes and Urecose glands.
e)Nervous system. Ganglian - 3 pair in thorax and 6 pair in abdomen.
f)Sense organs. Antennae, compound eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps and anal cerci - Eye is compound, made of 2000 ommatidium (mosaic vision)
g)Reproductive system.
· Male. Testes. (4-6 ) vas deferens- seminal vesicle - ejaculatory duct.
· Female- ovaries (2-6) oviduct- vagina – genital chamber - fertilized egg – ootheae ( 9-10 oothecae) development is paurometabolous, devevelopmrnt Is through nymphal stage. It looks like adult grows of moulting 13 times.
Tissues – a group of similar cells which perform same function together.
Types of tissues are – Epithelial tissue, Connective tissues, Muscular tissues and Nervous tissues.
1.Epithelial tissues:
· Covers external surface and lines internal surface
· Three specialized junctions are tight junction, adhering junction and gap junction
· Non cellular basement membrane
· No blood vessels
· Receives nutrients from underlying connective tissues
Classification :
a)Simple epithelial (one layer) –
· Squamous epithelium
· Cuboidal epithelium
· Columnar epithelium
· Pseudo stratified epithelium
b)Compound epithelium (many strata) –
· Stratified compound epithelium (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
· Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
2.Muscular tissues :
· Striated muscle / Striated muscle / Voluntary muscle
· Unstriated muscle / Smooth muscle / Involuntary muscle
· Cardiac muscle (heart)
3.Neural tissue – longest cell – neuron
Structure of neuron: Dentrite – Cyton – Axon with myelinated sheath with node of ranvier – axon ending
Organ and organ system:
Cockroach
Class: insect
Phylum: arthropoda
Morphology:
· 1/4 -3 inches
· nocturnal omnivorous
· body- head, thorax and abdomen
· body is covered with chitinous exoskeleton with hardened plates. Plates are called sclerites (tergites and sternites ) connected by arthrodial membrane.
· Compound eyes. Antennae, bitting and chewing mouth parts.
· Mouth part consists of a labrum ( upper lip ), a pair of mandible, a pair of maxillae and a
· Labium ( lower lip ) and a tongue called hypopharynx.
· Throax consists of three parts- prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax ( each has a pair of legs )
Anatomy :
a)Digestive system. Mouth-oesophagus-crop-gizzard-hepatic caecae- midgut-hind gut- rectum-anus
b)Circulatory system. Open blood vascular system- blood (haemolymph) - Pumped in to space (haemo coel ) blood (plasma + haemocytes ) heart is elongated muscular tube in dorsal line, heart is opening called ostia (blood enters pumped anteroirly.
c)Respiratory system. Tracheary system. (net work of trachea) - External opening called spiracles – trachea – tracheoles – blood.
d)Excretory system. Malphigian tubules - Collect uric acid - Uricotelic – in addition fat bodies, nephrocytes and Urecose glands.
e)Nervous system. Ganglian - 3 pair in thorax and 6 pair in abdomen.
f)Sense organs. Antennae, compound eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps and anal cerci - Eye is compound, made of 2000 ommatidium (mosaic vision)
g)Reproductive system.
· Male. Testes. (4-6 ) vas deferens- seminal vesicle - ejaculatory duct.
· Female- ovaries (2-6) oviduct- vagina – genital chamber - fertilized egg – ootheae ( 9-10 oothecae) development is paurometabolous, devevelopmrnt Is through nymphal stage. It looks like adult grows of moulting 13 times.